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Ventricular Repolarization Abnormalities in Pediatric Athletes: A Practical Approach to Clinical Evaluation

Resting and Exercise Lactate Dynamics in Heart Failure: Guiding Therapeutic Optimization

In heart failure (HF), elevated blood lactate levels, particularly during exercise or in advanced disease stages, reflect impaired tissue perfusion and altered metabolic regulation. Beyond its traditional role as a marker of anaerobic metabolism, lactate has emerged as a dynamic indicator of metabolic reserve and ventilatory control. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on lactate dynamics at rest and during exercise, highlighting their pathophysiological and clinical relevance. ...

Ageing does not impair motor neuron adaptations: comparable motor unit responses to strength training in young and older adults

Abstract: Ageing induces structural and functional changes in the neuromuscular systems that impair voluntary force production, compromising daily function and wellbeing. We examined whether older adults preserve the capacity for motor unit adaptations to a short-term strength training intervention previously shown to enhance neural drive to muscle in young adults. Twenty‑three older adults were assigned to a training group (INT, n = 13, 71 ± 4 years of age) or a control group (CON,...

Caffeine as an Ergogenic Aid for Neuromuscular Performance: Mechanisms of Action from Brain to Motor Units

Ergogenic aids have long attracted scientific interest for their potential to enhance neuromuscular performance, with caffeine being among the most extensively studied. While traditionally attributed to peripheral actions on skeletal muscle, accumulating evidence indicates that, at physiological doses, caffeine’s ergogenic effects are predominantly mediated by antagonism of central adenosine receptors. This antagonism leads to increased arousal, reduced inhibitory neuromodulation, enhanced co...

Vitamin deficiencies and Alzheimer’s disease: evidence and implications for supplementation

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein (pTau), mitochondrial impairment and neuroinflammation. Several risk factors, such as aging, genetics, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and lifestyle, concur to the onset of the disease. Among modifiable risk factors, micronutrient intake has gained attention for its potential role in preventing or slowing down disease progression. In this narrat...

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