The origins of blood transfusion go a long way back in time and have a touch of the legendary about them. In olden days, blood was taken in orally for therapeutic purposes and also used in a number of magical rites. The idea of transfusion was born when physicians noted that the intake of blood by mouth did not bring any benefit. Various studies were carried out from 1600 onwards aimed at discovering the characteristics of blood and techniques for effective transfusion. Important discoveries emerged from these studies like the existence of haemoglobin, erythropoietin and the development of a cell line capable of producing recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) in vitro. Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein synthesised in the adult by the kidney and, to a small extent, by the liver too and its blood levels can increase 100-1000 times in response to hypoxia. This is capable of activating a heterodimeric transcription factor, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF-1), which is moved to the nucleus by activating the expression of erythropoietin which stimulates the rapid expansion of the erythroid progenitors. Epo binds to its receptor (EPO-R) localised on the surface of the erythroid progenitors, thus determining its internalisation. The substance rHuEpo is produced for clinical purposes but has found illicit use in sporting events involving stamina where the demand for oxygen is high. Its illicit use is difficult to spot because of its short plasma half-life. Recent progress in genetics has opened up new and very interesting prospects for the treatment of certain pathologies by means of gene therapy, but the fear is that these discoveries will be used in sport to boost performance. Genetic doping has in fact already been added to the WADA list of forbidden methods even though tests for evaluating its surreptitious use are not yet available
Le origini della trasfusione sono assai remote e leggendarie. Nell’antichità il sangue veniva assunto oralmente per fini terapeutici e utilizzato in diversi riti magici. L’idea della trasfusione nacque quando ci si accorse che assumere sangue non portava alcun giovamento. Diversi studi furono condotti dal 1600 in poi al fine di scoprire le caratteristiche del sangue e le metodiche per un’efficace trasfusione. Da questi studi emersero importanti scoperte come l’esistenza dell’emoglobina, dell’eritropoietina e lo sviluppo di una linea cellulare in grado di produrre eritropoietina ricombinante umana (rHuEpo) in vitro. L’eritropoietina è una glicoproteina sintetizzata nell’adulto dal rene e in piccola parte anche dal fegato e i suoi livelli nel sangue possono aumentare di 100-1000 volte in risposta all’ipossia. Questa è in grado di attivare un fattore di trascrizione eterodimerico, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF-1) che si è traslocato nel nucleo attivando l’espressione dell’eritropoietina che stimola la rapida espansione dei progenitori eritroidi. L’Epo si lega al suo recettore (EPO-R) localizzato sulla superficie dei progenitori eritroidi determinandone l’internalizzazione. L’rHuEpo è prodotta per utilizzo clinico, ma ha trovato impiego illecito anche in quelle discipline sportive di resistenza, dove la richiesta di ossigeno è elevata. Il suo uso illecito è difficilmente evidenziabile a causa della sua breve emivita plasmatica. Recenti progressi nell’ambito della genetica hanno aperto nuove prospettive molto interessanti per il trattamento di alcune patologie mediante la terapia genica, ma il timore è che tali scoperte vengano sfruttate in ambito sportivo per incrementare la performance atletica. Infatti, il doping genetico è stato già inserito nella lista WADA dei metodi proibiti sebbene non siano tuttora disponibili test per valutare il suo uso surrettizio.
Ematologia e sport: cenni storici, conoscenze attuali e prospettive future
BORRIONE P;L. GRASSO;F. PIGOZZI
2007-01-01
Abstract
The origins of blood transfusion go a long way back in time and have a touch of the legendary about them. In olden days, blood was taken in orally for therapeutic purposes and also used in a number of magical rites. The idea of transfusion was born when physicians noted that the intake of blood by mouth did not bring any benefit. Various studies were carried out from 1600 onwards aimed at discovering the characteristics of blood and techniques for effective transfusion. Important discoveries emerged from these studies like the existence of haemoglobin, erythropoietin and the development of a cell line capable of producing recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) in vitro. Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein synthesised in the adult by the kidney and, to a small extent, by the liver too and its blood levels can increase 100-1000 times in response to hypoxia. This is capable of activating a heterodimeric transcription factor, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF-1), which is moved to the nucleus by activating the expression of erythropoietin which stimulates the rapid expansion of the erythroid progenitors. Epo binds to its receptor (EPO-R) localised on the surface of the erythroid progenitors, thus determining its internalisation. The substance rHuEpo is produced for clinical purposes but has found illicit use in sporting events involving stamina where the demand for oxygen is high. Its illicit use is difficult to spot because of its short plasma half-life. Recent progress in genetics has opened up new and very interesting prospects for the treatment of certain pathologies by means of gene therapy, but the fear is that these discoveries will be used in sport to boost performance. Genetic doping has in fact already been added to the WADA list of forbidden methods even though tests for evaluating its surreptitious use are not yet availableI documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.