The fight against doping is a constantly evolving field in Sport Medicine. Regarding the detection of blood doping practices, this represents a challenge as its detection is very difficult in reason of the absence of direct tests. The athlete’s biological passport (ABP) is an indirect method introduced in 2009 by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), based on analysis of different cellular and biohumoral parameters in order to identify patterns compatibles with blood manipulations. Despite the important contribution in the fight against doping, currently this method needs to be implemented by further indirect markers, in order to increase its sensitivity and accuracy. Nowadays, indeed, it is impossible to distinguish hematological variations deriving from physiological adaptations as altitude training, from those deriving from illicit use of substances or techniques able to modify blood values, like administration of recombinant erythropoietin (rHuEPO) or autologous blood transfusions. In this context, hepcidin, a peptide secreted by the liver, could represent a possible indirect marker. This molecule has already attracted the interest of the scientific community, but the mechanisms that regulate its variations still remains to be fully clarified. The purpose of this literature review is to summarize the current state of knowledge on hepcidin in athletes, in order to show the reasons why this peptide can represent a potential new indirect marker for doping detection. A narrative review was performed following an electronic search of online databases PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for all English articles published until 2020.
La lotta al doping rappresenta un ambito in continua evoluzione nella Medicina dello Sport. In particolare, l’individuazione delle pratiche di doping ematico rappresenta tutt’ora una sfida in quanto la sua detezione è resa difficile a causa della parziale efficacia dei test diretti. Il passaporto biologico dell’atleta (ABP) è un metodo indiretto introdotto nel 2009 dalla World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), basato sull’analisi di diversi parametri cellulari e bioumorali e finalizzato all’identificazione di pattern compatibili con le manipolazioni ematiche. Nonostante l’importante contributo apportato alla lotta al doping, attualmente questo metodo necessita di essere implementato con l’introduzione di ulteriori marker indiretti, al fine di aumentarne la sensibilità e la precisione. Al giorno d’oggi, infatti, non è possibile distinguere le variazioni ematologiche derivanti da adattamenti fisiologici quali l’allenamento in quota, da quelle derivanti dall’uso illecito di sostanze o tecniche in grado di modificare i valori ematici, come la somministrazione di eritropoietina umana ricombinante (rHuEPO) o le trasfusioni di sangue autologo. In questo contesto, l’epcidina, un ormone peptidico secreto dal fegato, potrebbe rappresentare un possibile marcatore indiretto. Questa molecola ha già suscitato l’interesse della comunità scientifica, ma i meccanismi che regolano le sue variazioni rimangono ancora da chiarire completamente. Lo scopo di questa revisione della letteratura è quello di riassumere lo stato attuale delle conoscenze sull’epcidina negli atleti, al fine di evidenziare le ragioni per cui questo peptide può essere considerato un potenziale nuovo marker indiretto per il rilevamento del doping ematico. È stata eseguita una revisione narrativa tramite una ricerca elettronica nei database online di PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science per tutti gli articoli in lingua inglese pubblicati fino al 2020.
Hepcidin as possible new indirect biomarker for blood doping
Fossati C;Quaranta F;Tomassi G;Fagnani F;Borrione P
2021-01-01
Abstract
The fight against doping is a constantly evolving field in Sport Medicine. Regarding the detection of blood doping practices, this represents a challenge as its detection is very difficult in reason of the absence of direct tests. The athlete’s biological passport (ABP) is an indirect method introduced in 2009 by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), based on analysis of different cellular and biohumoral parameters in order to identify patterns compatibles with blood manipulations. Despite the important contribution in the fight against doping, currently this method needs to be implemented by further indirect markers, in order to increase its sensitivity and accuracy. Nowadays, indeed, it is impossible to distinguish hematological variations deriving from physiological adaptations as altitude training, from those deriving from illicit use of substances or techniques able to modify blood values, like administration of recombinant erythropoietin (rHuEPO) or autologous blood transfusions. In this context, hepcidin, a peptide secreted by the liver, could represent a possible indirect marker. This molecule has already attracted the interest of the scientific community, but the mechanisms that regulate its variations still remains to be fully clarified. The purpose of this literature review is to summarize the current state of knowledge on hepcidin in athletes, in order to show the reasons why this peptide can represent a potential new indirect marker for doping detection. A narrative review was performed following an electronic search of online databases PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for all English articles published until 2020.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.