The Role of Polyphenols in Regulating Skeletal Muscle Development and Homeostasis: Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Medical Applications

A healthy lifestyle, characterized by moderate physical activity, appropriate caloric intake, and a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, contributes to maintaining overall health and preventing several degenerative diseases. Within this context, the health of the muscular system also plays a pivotal role. Increasing evidence highlights the importance of a balanced diet, in combination with regular physical exercise, in preserving muscle function and integrity. Polyphenols, present in fruits, vegetables, and plant-derived foods, have emerged as key allies in counteracting oxidative stress and inflammation, processes that affect muscle cell health. These compounds are involved in the regulation of muscle cell development and differentiation, as well as in the regeneration processes following injury or excessive physical exertion. Through their ability to modulate reactive oxygen species levels, inflammation, and specific cellular pathways, polyphenols are capable of influencing muscle development and homeostasis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge regarding the impact of polyphenols on skeletal muscle growth, development, and maintenance, with a focus on their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential. Recent and innovative extraction and administration strategies, aimed at overcoming some limitations that normally characterize experimentation with bioactive molecules such as polyphenols, are considered and discussed in a prospective view.